What is formaldehyde?

Formaldehyde is a colourless, strong-smelling gas with the chemical formula CH₂O. It is used industrially in large quantities and is an essential component in the production of resins, adhesives and preservatives. Formaldehyde also occurs in small quantities in the environment and is released through biological processes and combustion reactions.

Origin

Formaldehyde is produced in various industrial processes, including the manufacture of plastics, textiles and building materials. It is also released during the combustion of fossil fuels, in the automotive industry and through tobacco smoke. Natural sources include biological decomposition processes and forest fires.

Detection

Formaldehyde has a pungent, unpleasant odour that can be detected even in very low concentrations. It is a colourless gas that can cause irritation on contact with the eyes and skin. If inhaled, formaldehyde can cause coughing, breathing difficulties and, in high doses, serious health problems.

Limit values

In Germany, the limit values for formaldehyde are regulated by the Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control (TA-Luft) and the occupational exposure limit values (OEL). The OEL for formaldehyde is 0.3 ppm (parts per million) or 0.37 mg/m³. These limit values are intended to ensure that the concentrations in the workplace do not cause any damage to health.

Hazards

Health: Formaldehyde can cause severe irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, which can lead to watery eyes, sneezing and a sore throat. Skin contact may cause allergic reactions and dermatitis. Long-term exposure can increase the risk of chronic respiratory diseases and asthma. Particularly dangerous is that formaldehyde is classified as a carcinogen, which can increase the risk of nasal and throat cancer with prolonged exposure. Environment: Formaldehyde contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone, a major component of smog, which can cause both environmental and health problems. It can also affect water quality if it enters water bodies where it harms aquatic life. Economic damage: Improper handling and release of formaldehyde can cause significant costs as companies have to invest in safety and environmental protection measures. In addition, health problems among employees can lead to increased sick leave and loss of productivity.